![]() ![]() That type of proxy warfare includes external support for a faction engaged in a civil war, terrorists, national liberation movements, and insurgent groups, or assistance to a national revolt against foreign occupation. Since the early 20th century, proxy wars have most commonly taken the form of states assuming the role of sponsors to non-state proxies and essentially using them as fifth columns to undermine adversarial powers. Accordingly, great failures in classic wars increased tendencies towards proxy wars. ![]() Separate implementation of soft power and hard power proved to be unsuccessful in recent years. Frequent application of the term “proxy war” indicates its prominent place in academic researches on international relations. The Ottoman Empire likewise used the Barbary pirates as proxies to harass Western European powers in the Mediterranean Sea. France used England’s turmoil of the Wars of the Roses from their victory as a proxy against the Burgundian State. Other states regarded proxy wars as merely a useful extension of a pre-existing conflict, such as France and England during the Hundred Years’ War, both of which initiated a longstanding practice of supporting privateers, which targeted the other’s merchant shipping. Some medieval states like the Byzantine Empire used proxy warfare as a foreign policy tool by deliberately cultivating intrigue among hostile rivals and then backing them when they went to war with each other. Proxies could be introduced by an external or local power and most commonly took the form of irregular armies which were used to achieve their sponsor’s goals in a contested region. During classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, many non-state proxies were external parties that were introduced to an internal conflict and aligned themselves with a belligerent to gain influence and to further their own interests in the region.
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